🎯 Chemistry  ፈተና ላይ ጥሩ ውጤት እየሰራችሁ ካልሆነ ወይም ደካማ ከሆናችሁ በተለይ ለ ኢንትራንስ ለምትዘጋጁ ተማሪዎች  እነዚህን 4 ነገሮች ከማወቅ ጀምሩ ። ሌሎቹ ቀስ ብለው ይደርሳሉ ።

I. Matter and its Properties:

• States of Matter: Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma; their characteristics and transitions between states (melting, boiling, etc.). Introduction to phase diagrams.
• Classification of Matter: Pure substances (elements and compounds) vs. mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous). Separation techniques (filtration, distillation, chromatography).
• Physical and Chemical Properties: Distinguishing between properties that describe matter's appearance (physical) versus properties that describe how matter changes (chemical). Examples of each.
• Physical and Chemical Changes: Understanding the difference between changes that alter the appearance but not the composition (physical) and changes that alter the composition (chemical). Examples of each.
• Conservation of Mass: The law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions.


II. Atomic Structure:

• Atoms and Subatomic Particles: Protons, neutrons, and electrons; their charges and locations within the atom. Atomic number and mass number. Isotopes.
• The Periodic Table: Organization of elements based on atomic number and recurring properties. Groups (columns) and periods (rows). Trends in properties (atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity). Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
• Electron Configuration: Arrangement of electrons in energy levels and sublevels. Valence electrons and their importance in chemical bonding.


III. Chemical Bonding:

• Ionic Bonding: Transfer of electrons between atoms resulting in the formation of ions and ionic compounds. Properties of ionic compounds.
• Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms resulting in the formation of molecules. Properties of covalent compounds.
• Metallic Bonding: Electron sea model; properties of metals (conductivity, malleability, ductility).
• Intermolecular Forces: Forces of attraction between molecules (hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces). Their influence on physical properties.


IV. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry:

• Chemical Equations: Representing chemical reactions using symbols and formulas. Balancing chemical equations.
• Types of Chemical Reactions: Synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, combustion.
• Stoichiometry: Calculations involving the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions (mole ratios, limiting reactants, percent yield).

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