Ethio Matrics

where are you from ?
anonymous poll

Addis Ababa – 17
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 39%

Other – 12
👍👍👍👍👍 27%

Hawassa – 6
👍👍 14%

Bahir dar – 4
👍👍 9%

Adama – 2
👍 5%

Harar – 1
▫️ 2%

Dire Dawa – 1
▫️ 2%

Mekelle – 1
▫️ 2%

👥 44 people voted so far.

እነዚህን የያዘ ተማሪ በትንሹ ኢንትራንስ ላይ 10 ጥያቄ  ይሰራል ።

📘አንድ የ12ኛ ክፍል ተማሪ ሊያውቃቸው የሚገቡ የ Economics ፎርሙላዎች

🚩Microeconomics

1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED):

PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Pric}


2. Income Elasticity of Demand (YED):

YED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Incom}


3. Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED):

XED = % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A / % Change in Price of Good }


4. Total Revenue (TR):

TR = Price × Quantity


5. Average Total Cost (ATC):

ATC = Total Cost / Quantity Produce}


6. Marginal Cost (MC):

MC = Δ Total Cost / Δ Quantit}


7. Marginal Revenue (MR):

MR = Δ Total Revenue / Δ Quantit}


8. Profit:

Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost


🚩Macroeconomics

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

   • Expenditure Approach:

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)


where C = Consumption, I = Investment, G = Government Spending, X = Exports, M = Imports.

2. GDP per Capita:

GDP per Capita = GDP / Populatio}


3. Inflation Rate:

Inflation Rate = CPI₍new) - CPI₍old) / CP_(old)} × 100


where CPI = Consumer Price Index.

4. Unemployment Rate:

Unemployment Rate = Number of Unemployed / Labor Forc} × 100


5. Money Multiplier:

Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Rati}


🚩International Economics

1. Balance of Payments:

   • Current Account + Capital Account + Financial Account = 0

2. Exchange Rate:

   • Nominal Exchange Rate: Price of one currency in terms of another.

🚩Other Useful Formulas

1. Compound Interest:

A = P(1 + r/n)ⁿᵗ


where A = Amount, P = Principal, r = Annual interest rate, n = Number of times interest is compounded per year, t = Number of years.

2. Present Value (PV):

PV = FV / (1 + r)ⁿ


where FV = Future Value, r = interest rate, n = number of periods.

3. Net Present Value (NPV):

NPV = ∑ₜ₌₀ⁿ Cₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ


where Cₜ = Cash flow at time t, r = discount rate, n = number of periods.

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✈️ important terms in physics for EUEE

1. Force: An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity, typically measured in newtons (N).

2. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg).

3. Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated as the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg).

4. Energy: The capacity to do work, which can exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.

5. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity.

6. Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, often associated with gravitational or elastic forces.

7. Work: The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors.

8. Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W), where 1  W = 1  J/s.

9. Momentum: The quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv).

10. Impulse: The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time, calculated as J = F Δ t.

11. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).

12. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:
   - First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
   - Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
   - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

13. Friction: The resistance encountered when one surface moves over another, which can be static or kinetic.

14. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.

15. Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; in thermodynamics, it indicates the direction of spontaneous processes.

16. Electric Charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field; charges can be positive or negative.

17. Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).

18. Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A).

19. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω).

20. Ohm’s Law: A fundamental relationship in electrical circuits stating that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

21. Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

22. Frequency: The number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz).

23. Wavelength: The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave, typically measured in meters.

24. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

25. Reflection: The bouncing back of light or sound waves when they encounter a surface.

26. Gravity: A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted toward one another; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation.

27. Quantum Mechanics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles.

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🧬 Biology common Terms for Grade 12 Entrance Examinations

1. Cell: The basic unit of life; the smallest structure capable of performing all life processes.

2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): A molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms and is responsible for heredity.

3. Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or function.

4. Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information; humans typically have 46 chromosomes.

5. Mitosis: A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair.

6. Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and eggs).

7. Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids, essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

8. Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in biological processes.

9. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.

10. Respiration: The biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

11. Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.

12. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment.

13. Biodiversity: The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, including the number of species and genetic diversity.

14. Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

15. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and may affect an organism's ability to survive.

16. Allele: Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.

17. Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environment.

18. Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism, representing the alleles inherited from its parents.

19. Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food from inorganic substances, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

20. Heterotroph: An organism that cannot produce its own food and must consume other organisms for energy.

21. Cell Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

22. Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

23. Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

24. Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes).

25. Vesicle: A small membrane-bound sac within a cell that transports materials to different locations inside the cell.

26. Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and neutralizes foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.

27. Hormone: A chemical messenger produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulates physiological processes in the body.

28. Symbiosis: A close interaction between two different species, which can be mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

29. Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time.

30. Trophic Level: The position an organism occupies in a food chain, determined by its feeding relationships (e.g., producers, primary consumers).

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🎯Geography ለማትሪክ ምን ያክል እንዳነበባችሁ እራሳችሁን በእነዚህ ፈትኑ ክፍል -3

105. Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data.
106. Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-based system for determining precise location.
107. Topographic Map: A map showing elevation using contour lines.
108. Thematic Map: A map designed to display a particular theme or topic.
109. Choropleth Map: A thematic map that uses shading to show the density of data in a region.
110. Isoline Map: A map that uses lines to show areas of equal value.
111. Dot Map: A thematic map that uses dots to show the location of features.
112. Cartography: The art and science of map making.
113. Qualitative Data: Non-numerical data (descriptions, observations).
114. Quantitative Data: Numerical data (measurements, statistics).
115. Spatial Analysis: Analyzing spatial patterns and relationships.
116. Geospatial Technology: Technology used to acquire, store, analyze, and visualize geographic data.
117. Fieldwork: Conducting research in a natural or human environment.
118. Model: A simplified representation of reality.
119. Survey: Collecting information from a sample of people.
120. Interview: Gathering information through conversations.
121. Sustainability: Meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
122. Environmental Change: Alteration in the natural environment.
123. Pollution: The introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
124. Air Pollution: The contamination of the atmosphere by harmful substances.
125. Water Pollution: The contamination of water sources by harmful substances.
126. Soil Pollution: The contamination of soil by harmful substances.
127. Climate Change: A long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns.
128. Global Warming: The increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to greenhouse gases.
l downtown area.
150. Megacity: A city with a population of over 10 million people.
151. Primate City: A city that is significantly larger than any other city in a country.
152. Hinterland: The surrounding area that is served by a city.
153. Region: An area with unifying characteristics.
154. Regionalism: The tendency to identify with and protect a particular region.
155. Urban Planning: The process of planning the physical development of cities and towns.
156. Land Use: The way that land is used (residential, commercial, industrial).
157. Transportation Network: The system of roads, rails, and other forms of transport in an area.
129. Greenhouse Gas: A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere (carbon dioxide, methane).
130. Carbon Footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases generated by an individual, organization, or product.
131. Renewable Energy: Energy sources that can be replenished (solar, wind, hydro).
132. Non-Renewable Energy: Energy sources that cannot be replenished (fossil fuels).
133. Fossil Fuel: Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient organisms.
134. Biodiversity Loss: The decrease in the variety of life in a particular area.
135. Habitat Loss: The destruction of natural habitats.
136. Desertification: The process by which fertile land becomes desert-like.
137. Natural Hazard: A natural event that poses a threat to human life or property.
138. Flood: An overflow of water onto land.
139. Drought: A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall.
140. Earthquake: A sudden shaking of the Earth's surface.
141. Volcanic Eruption: An eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases from a volcano.
142. Tsunami: A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.
143. Hurricane: A tropical cyclone with high winds and heavy rainfall.
144. Resource Management: The sustainable use and management of natural resources.
145. Urban Sprawl: The uncontrolled expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas.
146. Central Business District (CBD): The downtown area of a city, often the center of business and commerce.

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PHYSICS

PASCAL'S LAW, ARCHIMED'S PRINCIPLE AND BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

▎Pascal's Law

Definition: When pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure change is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid in all directions.

Key Points:

• Hydraulic Systems: Enables devices like hydraulic lifts and brakes to amplify force.

• Force Multiplication: A small force applied over a small area can create a larger force over a larger area.

• Mathematical Expression:  P = F/A

Applications: Hydraulic machinery, automotive braking systems, and various industrial applications.

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▎Archimedes' Principle

Definition: An object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Key Points:

• Buoyancy: Explains why some objects float while others sink.

• Direction of Force: The buoyant force opposes gravity.

• Mathematical Expression:  Fᵦ = ρ ⋅ V ⋅ g

Applications: Ship design, hot air balloons, and understanding the behavior of objects in fluids.

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▎Bernoulli's Principle

Definition: In a flowing fluid, an increase in velocity occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or potential energy.

Key Points:

• Fluid Dynamics: Explains lift generation for airplane wings and the operation of carburetors.

• Pressure-Velocity Trade-off: Highlights the relationship between fluid speed and pressure.

• Mathematical Expression:  P + ½ ρ v² + ρ gh = constant

Applications: Aerodynamics, fluid flow in pipes, and various engineering designs involving fluid movement.

---

▎Summary

• Pascal's Law focuses on pressure transmission in fluids, enabling hydraulic systems.

• Archimedes' Principle addresses buoyancy and the behavior of objects in fluids.

• Bernoulli's Principle relates to the behavior of moving fluids and the interplay between pressure and velocity.

These principles are foundational in fluid mechanics and have numerous applications in engineering and physics.

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🎯 ባዮሎጂ ለማትሪክ ምን ያክል እንዳነበባችሁ እራሳችሁን በእነዚህ ፈትኑ የመጨረሻ ክፍል

111. Flower: The reproductive structure of flowering plants.
112. Pollination: Transfer of pollen to the female part of a flower.
113. Fruit: Mature ovary of a flowering plant containing seeds.
114. Seed: A plant embryo encased in a protective coating.
115. Germination: The process of a seed sprouting.
116. Root: The underground part of a plant.
117. Stem: The main body or stalk of a plant.
118. Leaf: The part of the plant where photosynthesis usually occurs.
119. Photosynthetic Pigment: A molecule that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
120. Chlorophyll: The main photosynthetic pigment.
121. Tropism: A plant's growth response to a stimulus.
122. Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone.
123. Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone.
124. Nervous System: The system of nerves that controls and coordinates bodily functions.
125. Neuron: A nerve cell.
126. Brain: The central control organ of the nervous system.
127. Spinal Cord: The part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the body.
128. Endocrine System: The system of glands that produce hormones.
129. Hormone: A chemical messenger produced by the endocrine system.
130. Circulatory System: The system that transports blood and nutrients.
131. Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood.
132. Blood Vessel: A tube that carries blood.
133. Red Blood Cell: A blood cell that carries oxygen.
134. White Blood Cell: A blood cell involved in immune defense.
135. Respiratory System: The system responsible for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
136. Lung: The main organ of the respiratory system.
137. Digestive System: The system responsible for breaking down food.
138. Stomach: An organ in the digestive system where food is broken down.
139. Intestine: Part of the digestive system where nutrients are absorbed.
140. Excretory System: The system that removes waste from the body.
141. Kidney: The organ in the excretory system that filters blood.
142. Muscular System: The system of muscles that allows for movement.
143. Skeletal System: The system of bones that supports the body.
144. Immune System: The system that protects the body from pathogens.
145. Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that binds to pathogens.
146. Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.
147. Pathogen: A disease-causing agent.
148. Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms.
149. Kingdom: The highest level of taxonomic classification.
150. Phylum: A major grouping within a kingdom.
151. Class: A major grouping within a phylum.
152. Order: A major grouping within a class.
153. Family: A major grouping within an order.
154. Genus: A grouping of closely related species.
155. Scientific Name: The two-part name of a species (genus + species).
156. pH: A measure of acidity or alkalinity.
157. Buffer: A substance that resists changes in pH.
158. Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
159. Compound: A substance made of two or more different elements.
160. Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom.
161. Molecule: Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
162. Solvent: A substance that dissolves another substance.
163. Solute: A substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
164. Solution: A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
165. Control Group: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment.
166. Experimental Group: A group in an experiment that receives the treatment.
167. Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
168. Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured in response to the independent variable.

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EUEE ENGLISH Exam Focus Areas: Based on 1995-2016EC Exams (Ethiopia)

🟢Grammar Focus Areas

1. Tenses
2. Passive and Active Voices
3. Subject Verb Agreement
4. Adverbial Clauses and Related
A. Common Clauses
   ☞  Reason clauses
   ☞  Result clauses
   ☞  Contrast clauses
   ☞  Purpose clauses
   ☞  Relative clauses
   ☞  Time clauses
B. Other Transitional Words to:
   ☞  give emphasis
   ☞  focus attention on what follows
   ☞  give additional ideas
   ☞  give examples
   ☞  show sequence/order of events:
   ☞  show different ideas
5. Comparisons
6. As, like, as if, as though.. .
7.Conditional Clauses:
8.Regret/wish/unreal...
9.Quantifiers
   ☞  Each and Every
   ☞  No
   ☞  None
   ☞  Any and Some
   ☞  No one, Someone… 
   ☞  Little and A little
   ☞  A few, Few and others
10. Uses of Modal Verbs
   ☞  Obligation
   ☞  Absence of Obligation
   ☞  Possibility
   ☞  Deduction
   ☞  Ability
   ☞  Permission and Request
   ☞  Suggestion and Advice
11. Gerund, Infinitive & Participle
12. Parts of Speeches and Others
  ☞ Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs
  ☞ Adverbs, Adjectives, Articles
  ☞ Conjunctions, prepositions
  ☞ Word formations
  ☞ Use of had better, no sooner...
13. Questions and Related Areas
  ☞ Wh-word questions
  ☞ Tag questions
  ☞ Yes or No questions
  ☞ Indirect questions.. .
14. Verbs and their Types
A. Main Verbs:
   ☞  Action Verbs
   ☞  State Verbs
   ☞  Transitive Verbs
   ☞  Intransitive Verbs
B. Auxiliary Verbs:
   ☞  Verb to be
   ☞  Verb to have
   ☞  Verb to do
   ☞  Modal Verbs

15.Communicative Activities Focus Areas

  ☞  Advice
  ☞  Permission
  ☞  Request
  ☞  Opinion
  ☞  Agreement
  ☞  Telephoning
  ☞  Direction
  ☞  Shopping
  ☞  Help
  ☞  Greeting/Introduction
  ☞  Other contextual areas

🎯ባዮሎጂ ለማትሪክ ምን ያክል እንዳነበባችሁ እራሳችሁን በእነዚህ ፈትኑ ክፍል -2

54. Protein: A molecule made of amino acids.
55. Amino Acid: The building block of proteins.
56. Lipid: A type of organic molecule, like fats and oils.
57. Carbohydrate: A type of organic molecule, like sugars and starches.
58. Nucleotide: The building block of DNA and RNA.
59. Transcription: Process of making RNA from DNA.
60. Translation: Process of making protein from RNA.
61. Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.
62. Anticodon: A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that matches a codon.
63. Replication: Process of making a copy of DNA.
64. Polymer: A large molecule made of many repeating smaller units.
65. Monomer: A small molecule that combines to form a polymer.
66. Double Helix: The shape of DNA.
67. Gene Expression: Process by which a gene is used to make a protein.
68. Biotechnology: Use of living organisms or their products for practical purposes.
69. Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of genes.
70. Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
71. Phenotype: The observable traits of an organism.
72. Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene.
73. Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene.
74. Dominant Allele: An allele that masks the expression of a recessive allele.
75. Recessive Allele: An allele whose expression is masked by a dominant allele.
76. Punnett Square: A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.
77. Sex-Linked Trait: A trait determined by a gene on a sex chromosome.
78. Incomplete Dominance: When neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blended phenotype.
79. Codominance: When both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual.
80. Pedigree: A diagram showing the inheritance of a trait in a family.
81. Species: A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
82. Population: A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
83. Community: All the populations of different species living in the same area.
84. Ecosystem: A community of organisms and their physical environment.
85. Biome: A large geographic area with similar climate and ecosystems.
86. Biodiversity: The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
87. Food Chain: A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass.
88. Food Web: A complex network of interconnected food chains.
89. Producer: An organism that makes its own food (e.g., plants).
90. Consumer: An organism that eats other organisms.
91. Decomposer: An organism that breaks down dead organisms and waste.
92. Herbivore: An animal that eats plants.
93. Carnivore: An animal that eats other animals.
94. Omnivore: An animal that eats both plants and animals.
95. Predator: An animal that hunts other animals for food.
96. Prey: An animal that is hunted by other animals.
97. Symbiosis: A close relationship between two different species.
98. Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit.
99. Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
100. Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed.
101. Habitat: The natural environment where an organism lives.
102. Niche: The role of an organism in its ecosystem.
103. Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size an environment can support.
104. Biotic Factors: The living components of an ecosystem.
105. Abiotic Factors: The non-living components of an ecosystem.
106. Vascular Tissue: Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients.
107. Xylem: Plant tissue that transports water and minerals.
108. Phloem: Plant tissue that transports sugars.
109. Stomata: Pores on leaves that allow gas exchange.
110. Transpiration: Evaporation of water from plants.

ክፍል 3 ይቀጥላል ...

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🎯ባዮሎጂ ለማትሪክ ምን ያክል እንዳነበባችሁ እራሳችሁን በእነዚህ ፈትኑ ክፍል -1

1. Cell: The basic unit of life.
2. Organism: A living entity.
3. Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
4. Organ: A structure made of different tissues working together.
5. Organ System: A group of organs working together.
6. Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
7. Metabolism: All chemical processes in a cell or organism.
8. Anabolism: Building larger molecules from smaller ones.
9. Catabolism: Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.
10. Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
11. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy carrier in cells.
12. Photosynthesis: The process of converting light energy into chemical energy.
13. Respiration: The process of releasing energy from food.
14. Aerobic Respiration: Respiration using oxygen.
15. Anaerobic Respiration: Respiration without oxygen.
16. Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
17. Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
18. Active Transport: Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.
19. Passive Transport: Movement of molecules that doesn't require energy.
20. Stimulus: Something that causes a response.
21. Response: A reaction to a stimulus.
22. Adaptation: A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment.
23. Evolution: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.
24. Natural Selection: Process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive.
25. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence.
26. Gene: A unit of heredity made of DNA.
27. Allele: A different version of a gene.
28. Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
29. Genetics: The study of heredity and genes.
30. Genome: The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
31. Prokaryotic Cell: A cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
32. Eukaryotic Cell: A cell with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
33. Nucleus: The control center of the eukaryotic cell; contains DNA.
34. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): The molecule that carries genetic information.
35. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): A molecule involved in protein synthesis.
36. Chromosome: A structure containing DNA.
37. Cell Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell.
38. Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside the cell.
39. Organelle: A structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
40. Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell; site of respiration.
41. Chloroplast: Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
42. Ribosome: Organelle where proteins are made.
43. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
44. Golgi Apparatus: Organelle that modifies and packages proteins.
45. Lysosome: Organelle that breaks down cellular waste.
46. Vacuole: Organelle for storage.
47. Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer of plant cells (and some prokaryotes).
48. Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair.
49. Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction.
50. Centriole: Cell structure involved in cell division.
51. Gamete: A reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
52. Fertilization: Union of sperm and egg.
53. Zygote: Fertilized egg cell.

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