እነዚህን የያዘ ተማሪ በትንሹ ኢንትራንስ ላይ 10 ጥያቄ  ይሰራል ።

📘አንድ የ12ኛ ክፍል ተማሪ ሊያውቃቸው የሚገቡ የ Economics ፎርሙላዎች

🚩Microeconomics

1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED):

PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Pric}


2. Income Elasticity of Demand (YED):

YED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Incom}


3. Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED):

XED = % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A / % Change in Price of Good }


4. Total Revenue (TR):

TR = Price × Quantity


5. Average Total Cost (ATC):

ATC = Total Cost / Quantity Produce}


6. Marginal Cost (MC):

MC = Δ Total Cost / Δ Quantit}


7. Marginal Revenue (MR):

MR = Δ Total Revenue / Δ Quantit}


8. Profit:

Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost


🚩Macroeconomics

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

   • Expenditure Approach:

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)


where C = Consumption, I = Investment, G = Government Spending, X = Exports, M = Imports.

2. GDP per Capita:

GDP per Capita = GDP / Populatio}


3. Inflation Rate:

Inflation Rate = CPI₍new) - CPI₍old) / CP_(old)} × 100


where CPI = Consumer Price Index.

4. Unemployment Rate:

Unemployment Rate = Number of Unemployed / Labor Forc} × 100


5. Money Multiplier:

Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Rati}


🚩International Economics

1. Balance of Payments:

   • Current Account + Capital Account + Financial Account = 0

2. Exchange Rate:

   • Nominal Exchange Rate: Price of one currency in terms of another.

🚩Other Useful Formulas

1. Compound Interest:

A = P(1 + r/n)ⁿᵗ


where A = Amount, P = Principal, r = Annual interest rate, n = Number of times interest is compounded per year, t = Number of years.

2. Present Value (PV):

PV = FV / (1 + r)ⁿ


where FV = Future Value, r = interest rate, n = number of periods.

3. Net Present Value (NPV):

NPV = ∑ₜ₌₀ⁿ Cₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ


where Cₜ = Cash flow at time t, r = discount rate, n = number of periods.

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