3. Use Open-Ended Questions: Encourage critical thinking and analysis to assess deeper understanding.
   - Example: "Analyze the effects of climate change on global agriculture."

4. Avoid Ambiguity: Ensure the question is clear and unambiguous to maintain fairness.
   - Example: "Explain the significance of the Treaty of Versailles."

5. Encourage Originality: Ensure the question allows for original thought and interpretation.
   - Example: "How would you address the issue of global poverty?"

6. Provide Context: Ensure the question provides enough context for the student to understand the topic.
   - Example: "In the context of the 21st century, discuss the relevance of traditional education systems."

7. Use Clear Language: Ensure the question is written in clear and concise language to avoid confusion.
   - Example: "What are the main causes of climate change?"

By following these guidelines and using a Table of Specifications, you can create effective and varied test items that accurately assess students' knowledge and understanding, as recommended by Thorndike and Lehmann.

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