✨ Remedial History - Unit 1, Part 3
📖 CALII Academy – "We Learn for Others"
1.3.2 Civilisations in Asia
🇮🇶 Mesopotamia
📍 Location: Eastern Syria, Southern Turkey, and most parts of Iraq.
🏙️ First Cities: The Sumerians built the first cities in the world.
🏗️ Architecture: Used sun-dried mud bricks for construction; Ziggurats (stepped temples) were prominent.
🌾 Agriculture: Fertile soil from the Tigris & Euphrates allowed large-scale farming.
👑 Governance: Kings ruled as representatives of gods and had divine authority.
⚙️ Inventions: Introduced plough, potter’s wheel, & bronze tools.
✍️ Writing System: Developed Cuneiform (3200 BC), a complex system of ideographs.
📚 Scientific Achievements: Advances in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, & metalwork.
🇮🇷 Persia
📍 Location: Iran & Afghanistan, referred to as the "Land of Aryans".
👑 Empire: Founded by Cyrus the Great (550 BC), becoming the largest ancient empire.
🗺️ Territory: Stretched from Europe’s Balkan Peninsula to India’s Indus Valley, including parts of North Africa.
🏗️ Contributions: Built new roads & developed the world’s first postal service.
⚖️ Governance: Made significant contributions to law & administration.
🕊️ Religion: Zoroastrianism, founded by Zoroaster, emphasized the battle between good & evil.
🇮🇳 India
📍 Location: Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan & Western India).
🏛️ Early Civilization: Developed around 2500 BC, reaching its peak around 1500 BC.
💧 Irrigation: Used ditches & canals to supply water to farms.
⚒️ Craftsmanship: Created copper & bronze tools, mirrors, pots, and gold ornaments.
🤝 Trade: Traded with Mesopotamia & other civilizations.
🛕 Religion:
Hinduism evolved from early Indo-Aryan beliefs.
Buddhism emerged as a reform movement and spread to China, Japan, & Southeast Asia.
🏛️ Social Structure: Ancient Indian society was hierarchically divided based on work & birth.
🇨🇳 China
📍 Location: Yellow River Region of Northern China.
🏯 Ancient Dynasties:
Shang Dynasty (1700 - 1122 BC): Developed bronze vessels, war chariots, & writing.
Zhou Dynasty (1122 - 256 BC): Encouraged literature & philosophy.
📖 Confucianism:
Confucius (551 - 479 BC) introduced ideas of social order, respect, & harmony.
Taught that parents rule children, men lead women, and the educated judge the common people.
🛡️ Defense: Built the Great Wall of China (7,400 km) to protect against invaders.
✍️ Writing System: Developed logographic writing, using pictorial symbols to represent words.
📚 Keep Learning with CALII Academy! 🚀