Some important terms related to energy transformation in biology
1. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose using carbon dioxide and water.
2. Cellular Respiration: The metabolic process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. This process can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).
3. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The primary energy carrier in cells. ATP stores and transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
4. Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism, including both catabolic (energy-releasing) and anabolic (energy-consuming) processes.
5. Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in plants that is essential for photosynthesis, as it absorbs light energy from the sun.
6. Chemiosmosis: A process that uses the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane to generate ATP, particularly during cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
7. Light Reactions: The first stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
8. Calvin Cycle: The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
9. Fermentation: An anaerobic process that allows for the production of energy without oxygen, resulting in byproducts such as ethanol or lactic acid.
10. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): A series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (in eukaryotes) that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
11. Oxidative Phosphorylation: The final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, culminating in the reduction of oxygen to water.
12. Energy Flow: The transfer of energy through a biological community, typically described by food chains and food webs, illustrating how energy is passed from producers to consumers.
13. Bioenergetics: The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms, focusing on how organisms obtain and utilize energy.
14. Anabolism: The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, requiring energy input (e.g., synthesizing proteins from amino acids).
15. Catabolism: The set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy (e.g., breaking down glucose during cellular respiration).
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1. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose using carbon dioxide and water.
2. Cellular Respiration: The metabolic process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. This process can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).
3. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The primary energy carrier in cells. ATP stores and transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
4. Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism, including both catabolic (energy-releasing) and anabolic (energy-consuming) processes.
5. Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in plants that is essential for photosynthesis, as it absorbs light energy from the sun.
6. Chemiosmosis: A process that uses the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane to generate ATP, particularly during cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
7. Light Reactions: The first stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
8. Calvin Cycle: The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
9. Fermentation: An anaerobic process that allows for the production of energy without oxygen, resulting in byproducts such as ethanol or lactic acid.
10. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): A series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (in eukaryotes) that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
11. Oxidative Phosphorylation: The final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, culminating in the reduction of oxygen to water.
12. Energy Flow: The transfer of energy through a biological community, typically described by food chains and food webs, illustrating how energy is passed from producers to consumers.
13. Bioenergetics: The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms, focusing on how organisms obtain and utilize energy.
14. Anabolism: The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, requiring energy input (e.g., synthesizing proteins from amino acids).
15. Catabolism: The set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy (e.g., breaking down glucose during cellular respiration).
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