C. Proteins 💪 | CALII Academy 📚
What are Proteins? 🤔

Proteins are made of Amino Acids 🌟. Out of 170+ known amino acids, only 20 are commonly found in proteins.

🧬 Amino Acid Structure:
🔹 Central Carbon (α-Carbon) 🏗
🔹 Carboxyl Group (-COOH) ⚡️ (Acidic)
🔹 Amino Group (-NH₂) 💥 (Basic)
🔹 Hydrogen Atom (H) 🔗
🔹 R-Group 🧩 (Varies for each amino acid!)

🌿 Plants 🌱 can synthesize all amino acids.
🐾 Animals 🦁 need essential amino acids from food 🍽.
Protein Formation 🏗

✅ Amino Acids join via Peptide Bonds 🔗 (Condensation 💧 removal).
✅ Dipeptide (2 AAs) → Tripeptide (3 AAs) → Polypeptide (Many AAs) = Protein 🎭
✅ DNA 🧬 decides amino acid sequence!
Protein Structure 🔍

🔹 Primary 🏗 – Linear sequence of amino acids 📏
🔹 Secondary 🌀 – Twists & folds into α-Helix (e.g. Keratin) & β-Sheets 📜
🔹 Tertiary 🎭 – 3D shape maintained by bonds (Ionic, Hydrogen, Disulfide) 🧩
🔹 Quaternary 🏛 – Multiple polypeptides form complex proteins (e.g. Hemoglobin 🩸)
Protein Classification 🏅

📌 By Structure 🏗 – Fibrous, Globular, Mixed
📌 By Composition ⚖️ – Simple (Only AAs) vs. Conjugated (AAs + other molecules)
📌 By Function 🔬 – Enzymes, Hormones, Structural, Transport, Defense

💡 Proteins = Life’s Building Blocks! 🏆