(MCQs) about genetics:

1. What is the basic unit of heredity?

   • A) Chromosome

   • B) Gene

   • C) DNA

   • D) RNA 
   Answer: B) Gene

2. Which of the following structures carries genetic information?

   • A) Ribosome

   • B) Chromosome

   • C) Endoplasmic reticulum

   • D) Golgi apparatus 
   Answer: B) Chromosome

3. What is the term for different forms of a gene?

   • A) Alleles

   • B) Genotypes

   • C) Phenotypes

   • D) Chromatids 
   Answer: A) Alleles

4. In Mendelian genetics, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?

   • A) 1:1

   • B) 3:1

   • C) 9:3:3:1

   • D) 1:2:1 
   Answer: B) 3:1

5. What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

   • A) To replicate DNA

   • B) To transport amino acids

   • C) To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

   • D) To form the structure of ribosomes 
   Answer: C) To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

6. Which of the following is a type of mutation?

   • A) Insertion

   • B) Deletion

   • C) Substitution

   • D) All of the above 
   Answer: D) All of the above

7. What is the purpose of DNA replication?

   • A) To produce proteins

   • B) To create energy

   • C) To ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA

   • D) To repair damaged DNA 
   Answer: C) To ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA

8. What does the term "homozygous" mean?

   • A) Having two different alleles for a trait

   • B) Having two identical alleles for a trait

   • C) Having multiple alleles for a trait

   • D) Having no alleles for a trait 
   Answer: B) Having two identical alleles for a trait

9. Which of the following best describes a phenotype?

   • A) The genetic makeup of an organism

   • B) The physical appearance of an organism

   • C) The location of genes on a chromosome

   • D) The sequence of nucleotides in DNA 
   Answer: B) The physical appearance of an organism

10. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    • A) To carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

    • B) To bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly

    • C) To form the structure of ribosomes

    • D) To replicate DNA 
    Answer: B) To bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly

11. Which process results in the formation of gametes?

    • A) Mitosis

    • B) Meiosis

    • C) Binary fission

    • D) Budding 
    Answer: B) Meiosis

12. What is the expected genotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross?

    • A) 1:2:1

    • B) 3:1

    • C) 9:3:3:1

    • D) 1:1 
    Answer: C) 9:3:3:1

13. Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked trait?

    • A) Eye color

    • B) Hemophilia

    • C) Blood type

    • D) Height 
    Answer: B) Hemophilia

14. What is a karyotype?

    • A) The sequence of DNA in a gene

    • B) A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes

    • C) The total number of genes in an organism

    • D) The process of DNA replication 
    Answer: B) A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes

15. Which scientist is known as the father of modern genetics?

    • A) Charles Darwin

    • B) Gregor Mendel

    • C) James Watson

    • D) Francis Crick 
    Answer: B) Gregor Mendel

16. What type of inheritance pattern is shown when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype?

    • A) Complete dominance

    • B) Incomplete dominance

    • C) Codominance

    • D) Epistasis 
    Answer: C) Codominance

17. What is epigenetics?

    • A) The study of genetic mutations

    • B) The study of heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence

    • C) The study of evolution and natural selection

    • D) The study of RNA and its functions 
    Answer: B) The study of heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence