โจ Remedial History - Unit 1, Part 3
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1.3.2 Civilisations in Asia
๐ฎ๐ถ Mesopotamia
๐ Location: Eastern Syria, Southern Turkey, and most parts of Iraq.
๐๏ธ First Cities: The Sumerians built the first cities in the world.
๐๏ธ Architecture: Used sun-dried mud bricks for construction; Ziggurats (stepped temples) were prominent.
๐พ Agriculture: Fertile soil from the Tigris & Euphrates allowed large-scale farming.
๐ Governance: Kings ruled as representatives of gods and had divine authority.
โ๏ธ Inventions: Introduced plough, potterโs wheel, & bronze tools.
โ๏ธ Writing System: Developed Cuneiform (3200 BC), a complex system of ideographs.
๐ Scientific Achievements: Advances in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, & metalwork.
๐ฎ๐ท Persia
๐ Location: Iran & Afghanistan, referred to as the "Land of Aryans".
๐ Empire: Founded by Cyrus the Great (550 BC), becoming the largest ancient empire.
๐บ๏ธ Territory: Stretched from Europeโs Balkan Peninsula to Indiaโs Indus Valley, including parts of North Africa.
๐๏ธ Contributions: Built new roads & developed the worldโs first postal service.
โ๏ธ Governance: Made significant contributions to law & administration.
๐๏ธ Religion: Zoroastrianism, founded by Zoroaster, emphasized the battle between good & evil.
๐ฎ๐ณ India
๐ Location: Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan & Western India).
๐๏ธ Early Civilization: Developed around 2500 BC, reaching its peak around 1500 BC.
๐ง Irrigation: Used ditches & canals to supply water to farms.
โ๏ธ Craftsmanship: Created copper & bronze tools, mirrors, pots, and gold ornaments.
๐ค Trade: Traded with Mesopotamia & other civilizations.
๐ Religion:
Hinduism evolved from early Indo-Aryan beliefs.
Buddhism emerged as a reform movement and spread to China, Japan, & Southeast Asia.
๐๏ธ Social Structure: Ancient Indian society was hierarchically divided based on work & birth.
๐จ๐ณ China
๐ Location: Yellow River Region of Northern China.
๐ฏ Ancient Dynasties:
Shang Dynasty (1700 - 1122 BC): Developed bronze vessels, war chariots, & writing.
Zhou Dynasty (1122 - 256 BC): Encouraged literature & philosophy.
๐ Confucianism:
Confucius (551 - 479 BC) introduced ideas of social order, respect, & harmony.
Taught that parents rule children, men lead women, and the educated judge the common people.
๐ก๏ธ Defense: Built the Great Wall of China (7,400 km) to protect against invaders.
โ๏ธ Writing System: Developed logographic writing, using pictorial symbols to represent words.
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