Ethio Matrics

📚 EUEE ENGLISH Exam Focus Areas: Based on 1995-2015EC Exams (Ethiopia)

Grammar Focus Areas

1. Tenses
2. Passive and Active Voices
3. Subject Verb Agreement
4. Adverbial Clauses and Related
A. Common Clauses
   ☞  Reason clauses
   ☞  Result clauses
   ☞  Contrast clauses
   ☞  Purpose clauses
   ☞  Relative clauses
   ☞  Time clauses
B. Other Transitional Words to:
   ☞  give emphasis
   ☞  focus attention on what follows
   ☞  give additional ideas
   ☞  give examples
   ☞  show sequence/order of events:
   ☞  show different ideas
5. Comparisons
6. As, like, as if, as though.. .
7.Conditional Clauses:
8.Regret/wish/unreal...
9.Quantifiers
   ☞  Each and Every
   ☞  No
   ☞  None
   ☞  Any and Some
   ☞  No one, Someone… 
   ☞  Little and A little
   ☞  A few, Few and others
10. Uses of Modal Verbs
   ☞  Obligation
   ☞  Absence of Obligation
   ☞  Possibility
   ☞  Deduction
   ☞  Ability
   ☞  Permission and Request
   ☞  Suggestion and Advice
11. Gerund, Infinitive & Participle
12. Parts of Speeches and Others
  ☞ Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs
  ☞ Adverbs, Adjectives, Articles
  ☞ Conjunctions, prepositions
  ☞ Word formations
  ☞ Use of had better, no sooner...
13. Questions and Related Areas
  ☞ Wh-word questions
  ☞ Tag questions
  ☞ Yes or No questions
  ☞ Indirect questions.. .
14. Verbs and their Types
A. Main Verbs:
   ☞  Action Verbs
   ☞  State Verbs
   ☞  Transitive Verbs
   ☞  Intransitive Verbs
B. Auxiliary Verbs:
   ☞  Verb to be
   ☞  Verb to have
   ☞  Verb to do
   ☞  Modal Verbs

15.Communicative Activities Focus Areas

  ☞  Advice
  ☞  Permission
  ☞  Request
  ☞  Opinion
  ☞  Agreement
  ☞  Telephoning
  ☞  Direction
  ☞  Shopping
  ☞  Help
  ☞  Greeting/Introduction
  ☞  Other contextual areas

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📚 20 CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGIES AND THEIR MEANINGS

1. ATOM:
~ It is the smallest part of an element that can ever exist and still possess the chemical properties of that element or
~ it is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.

2. IONS:
~Is any atom or group of atoms which posses an electric charge. Examples are: Cl-, Na+, SO2-, NO- etc

3. MOLECULES:
~Smolecule is the smallest particle of a substance that can normally exist alone and still the chemical properties of that substance, be it an element or a compound. Eg:-O2, H2O,CH4,C2H5OH etc

4. ELEMENT:
~An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by an ordinary chemical process.
Eg.Hydrogen(H),Oxygen(O), Neon(Ne) etc

5. COMPOUND:
~Is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. Eg:- H2O, H2SO4, ZnO etc

6. MIXTURE:
~Contains two or more constituents w/c can easily be separated by physical method.Eg: air, soil, palm wine, blood etc.

7. VALENCY:
~Is the combining power of elements and is the number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with or replace ( either directly or indirectly) one atom or that element.

8. ATOMIC NUMBER(Z):
~ Is the number of protons in one atom of an element.

9. ATOMIC MASS(A):
~Is the sum of the protons and neutrons contain in an atom of an element.

10.ISOTOPY:
~Is a phenomenon whereby atoms of an element exhibit different mass numbers but have the same atomic number. Example is: Cl - 35 & Cl -37,

11. ACID:
~ Is a substance which produces hydrogen ions ( or protons) as the only positive ion when dissolved in water . Examples are: HCl, HNO3 etc

12. BASE:
~Is a substance which will neutralize an acid to yield a salt and water only. Examples are: NaOH, Ca(OH)2 etc

13. SAlT:
~Is the compound formed when all or part of the ionizable hydrogen of an acid is replaced by metallic or ammonium ions. Eg:- NaCl, KHSO4, Zn(OH)Cl etc

14. METAL:
~ Is an element that ionized by electron lost. Examples are: K, Na, Cu, Mg etc

15. NON METAL:
~Is an element that ionized by electron gain. Examples are: O, Br, N etc

16. AQUEOUS:
~Solution of a substance in water.

17. ALLOTROPY:
~Is the ability of an element to exist in various forms in the same physical state, eg allotropes of carbon: diamond and graphite.

18. ELECTRON:
~Is the negatively charged particle of an atom that orbits the nucleus .

19. INORGANIC:
~Are compounds that are not derived from living organisms and typically do not contain C-H bond.

20. ORGANIC:
~Are compounds derived from living organisms and typically contain C-H bond.

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📚 Properties of periodic table

ምን መሠላችሁ ዘመናዊው periodic table በውስጡ በጣም ብዙ እንቆቅልሾች ያሉት ሲሆን እያንዳንዱ የ elements አሰላለፍ እና አቀማመጥ ልዩ ትርጉም ያላቸው ናቸው ። ከእነዚህ ሚስጥሮች ውስጥ የተወሰኑትን እናያለን እነርሱም ። atomic size, metallic character, ionization energy, electro negativity and electron affinity  ናቸው ። ፈተና በደንብ ይወጣባቸዋል ።

🪴The nuclear charge is the total charge in the nucleus of all the protons. Increase both down a group and across a period .

Nuclear charge የ proton መጠን ማለት ሲሆን በሁሉም አቅጣጫ እየጨመረ ይሄዳል

🪴Atomic Size (Atomic Radii)

🤜Exact size of an isolated atom cannot be measured because the electron cloud surrounding the atom does not have a sharp boundary. However, an estimate of the atomic size can be made by measuring the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms. This property is called the atomic radius.

📚ትክክለኛውን የ አቶሞች ርቀት ማወቅ እጅግ ከባድ ነው ። ነገር ግን ተቀራራቢ የሆነውን ዋጋ ለማስቀመጥ እንገደዳለን ።

⛑Atomic radius generally increases in a group from top to bottom but it decreases in a period from left to right.

Atomic size ከላይ ወደ ታች በተመሳሳይ group ስንሄድ እየጨመረ ይሄዳል ። በተቃራኒው ከግራ ወደ ቀኝ across a period ስንሄድ ደግሞ ይቀንሳል ።

🪴Ionization Energy (IE)

The ionization energy (IE) is the energy (in kJ) required for the complete removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions to form a positive ion .

😁ionization energy ማለት አቶሞች በ reaction ጊዜ electron ያስወግዳሉ ። በዚህ ጊዜ የሚያወጡት energy አለ ። ይሄም ionization energy በመባል ይታወቃል ።

🪴Electron Affinity (EA)
The electron affinity is the energy change for the process of adding an electron to a  neutral atom in the gaseous state to form a negative ion:

Electron affinity ማለት ደግሞ ማለት አቶሞች በ reaction ጊዜ electron ይቀበላሉ ። በዚህ ጊዜ የሚያወጡት energy አለ ። ይሄም electron affinity በመባል ይታወቃል ።

ምሳሌ Na + Cl ----->NaCl ብንመለከት

Na------->Na+   ሲቀየር electron loss አድርጓል ይሄም ionization energy ይባላል ።
Cl------------>Cl-   ሲቀየር electron gain (add) አድርጓል ይሄም electron affinity ይባላል ።

🍎electron affinity እና ionization energy down the group decrease , across period ደግሞ increase ነው ቢባልም exception ይኖረናል ። እነርሱም

Factors Affecting Ionization Energy


🚩The influence of the electrons’ arrangement. If an atom’s orbitals are exactly half filled or completely filled, the arrangement is more stable than expected;

The first ionization energy of boron is less than that of beryllium and the first ionization energy of oxygen is less than that of nitrogen. The reason for the discrepancy is due to the electron configuration of these elements and Hund's rule

BO₂>N₂>Cl₂  ከእነዚህም ውስጥ FON የሚባሉት ከ H₂ ጋር reaction ከፈጠሩ hydrogen bond ይሰራሉ ።

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📚 important terms in history for EUEE

1. Civilization: A complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, cultural achievements, and a system of governance.

2. Empire: A large political unit or state that exerts control over territories and peoples through conquest, colonization, or annexation.

3. Feudalism: A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe where land was held by lords in exchange for military service, and peasants worked the land in return for protection.

4. Revolution: A significant and rapid change in political, social, or economic structures, often involving the overthrow of a government or ruling authority.

5. Colonialism: The practice of acquiring control over foreign territories, exploiting resources, and establishing settlements, often accompanied by the subjugation of local populations.

6. Renaissance: A cultural movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century marked by a revival of interest in art, science, and classical learning.

7. Industrialization: The process by which economies transition from agrarian-based to industrial-based systems, characterized by the growth of factories and mass production.

8. Nationalism: A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often leading to the desire for self-governance or independence.

9. Totalitarianism: A political system in which the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.

10. Socialism: An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution.

11. Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise that power directly or through elected representatives.

12. Monarchy: A form of government where a single ruler (king or queen) holds supreme authority, often hereditary.

13. Treaty: A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states, often concluding a conflict or establishing terms for cooperation.

14. Genocide: The deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular ethnic, national, or religious group.

15. Cultural Diffusion: The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another, often through trade, migration, or conquest.

16. Archaeology: The scientific study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains.

17. Historiography: The study of how history is written and interpreted, including the methods and biases of historians.

18. Primary Source: An original document or artifact created during the time under study, providing firsthand evidence of historical events.

19. Secondary Source: A work that interprets or analyzes primary sources, often created after the time period being studied.

20. Manifest Destiny: A 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

21. Cold War: A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II, characterized by ideological conflict and proxy wars.

22. Civil Rights Movement: A social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination and securing equal rights for African Americans.

23. Imperialism: The policy or ideology of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force to control other nations or regions.

24. Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in Christianity.

25. Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections; movements advocating for suffrage have historically sought to extend this right to disenfranchised groups.

26. Enlightenment: An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, leading to advances in philosophy and political thought.

📚 Biology common Terms for Grade 12 Entrance Examinations

1. Cell: The basic unit of life; the smallest structure capable of performing all life processes.

2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): A molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms and is responsible for heredity.

3. Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or function.

4. Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information; humans typically have 46 chromosomes.

5. Mitosis: A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair.

6. Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and eggs).

7. Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids, essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

8. Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in biological processes.

9. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.

10. Respiration: The biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

11. Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.

12. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment.

13. Biodiversity: The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, including the number of species and genetic diversity.

14. Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

15. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and may affect an organism's ability to survive.

16. Allele: Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.

17. Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environment.

18. Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism, representing the alleles inherited from its parents.

19. Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food from inorganic substances, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

20. Heterotroph: An organism that cannot produce its own food and must consume other organisms for energy.

21. Cell Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

22. Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

23. Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

24. Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes).

25. Vesicle: A small membrane-bound sac within a cell that transports materials to different locations inside the cell.

26. Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and neutralizes foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.

27. Hormone: A chemical messenger produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulates physiological processes in the body.

28. Symbiosis: A close interaction between two different species, which can be mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

29. Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time.

30. Trophic Level: The position an organism occupies in a food chain, determined by its feeding relationships (e.g., producers, primary consumers).

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📚 Important terms in physics for EUEE

1. Force: An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity, typically measured in newtons (N).

2. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg).

3. Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated as the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg).

4. Energy: The capacity to do work, which can exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.

5. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity.

6. Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, often associated with gravitational or elastic forces.

7. Work: The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors.

8. Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W), where 1  W = 1  J/s.

9. Momentum: The quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv).

10. Impulse: The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time, calculated as J = F Δ t.

11. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).

12. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:
   - First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
   - Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
   - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

13. Friction: The resistance encountered when one surface moves over another, which can be static or kinetic.

14. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.

15. Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; in thermodynamics, it indicates the direction of spontaneous processes.

16. Electric Charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field; charges can be positive or negative.

17. Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).

18. Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A).

19. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω).

20. Ohm’s Law: A fundamental relationship in electrical circuits stating that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

21. Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

22. Frequency: The number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz).

23. Wavelength: The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave, typically measured in meters.

24. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

25. Reflection: The bouncing back of light or sound waves when they encounter a surface.

26. Gravity: A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted toward one another; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation.

27. Quantum Mechanics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles.

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