A+ Tutorial A


Kanal geosi va tili: Efiopiya, Amharcha
Toifa: Ta’lim



Kanal geosi va tili
Efiopiya, Amharcha
Statistika
Postlar filtri


📚 ሰላም ቤተሰቦች እንዴት ናችሁ ዳኒ ነኝ ፤ ከዚህ በታች ከተዘረዘሩት ዩኒቨርሲቲዎች ውስጥ አንድ የ ናቹራል ና አንድ የሶሻል ሳይንስ ተማሪ ለስራ ና ለመረጃ ስለምፈልጋችሁ በ @Danyy_Elaa በውስጥ መስመር አናግሩኝ።

1) ባህርዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ
2) ሀዋሳ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
3) ጅማ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
4) ጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ
5) ሐረማያ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
6) ድሬ ደዋ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
7) አርባምንጭ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
8) ዋቸሞ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
9) እንጅባራ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
10) አርሲ ዩኒቨርሲቲ

© A+ Tutorial Class.


Ch 5 Civics by A plus(2).pdf
2.6Mb
📚 #Civics and Moral Education.

📚 Chapter Five - Constitution, Democracy and Human Rights.

📌 What are Human Rights❓

📌 Human Rights and Responsibilities.

📌 Land Marks in development of human Rights.

📌 Duty Bearers and Right holders.

📌 Principles of Human Rights.

📌 University, Inalienability, Interdependence and Equality Principle of Human Rights.

📌 The First generation of human Rights( Civil and political rights - individual Rights).

📌 The Second generation of human Rights( Social, Economic and Cultural rights - group/collective rights)

📌 The Third generation of human rights( Peace, Development and environmental rights - Solidarity rights)

📌 Derogations and Limitations on Human Rights.

✌️All these Natural right issues are explored through dense Amharic-English Tutorial.

"Use WPS Office Application to open the file."

© A+ Tutorial Class.


End of Chapter 5.

📚ነገ የሚሰጠው ኮርስ- #Civics and Moral Education.

📗 ምዕራፍ - Chapter Five - Constitution, Democracy and Human rights.

📚 ነገ የምንማረው - Human Rights : Concepts and Theories.

📘 ትምህርቱ የሚሰጥበት መንገድ - በ ኖት በ PDF.

📙 ትምህርቱን ለማዘጋጀት የፈጀው ሰአት - በአማካይ 10 ሰአት።

📘 ተደራሽነቱ - civics ለምትማሩ።

⏰ የሚለቀቅበት ቀን - 27/05/2015 ጧት።

🧨 በ A+ Tutorial Class ብቻ የተዘጋጀ።


📚እስካሁን የተለቀቀውን Civics and Moral Education ቲቶርያልን በቀላሉ ለማግኘት ማስፈንጠሪያውን በመንካት እያንዳንዱን ቲቶርያል በቀላሉ ማግኘት ትችላላችሁ።
#Civics_Tutorials

📑Chapter One part 1

📍Understanding Civics and Ethics
https://t.me/c/1676153756/10

📑Chapter One part 2

📍Ethics and Morality
https://t.me/c/1676153756/54

📑Chapter One part 3

📍Ethics and Law.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/104

📑Chapter Two part 1

📍Approaches to Ethics - Teleological Ethics, Ethical Egoism.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/140

📑Chapter Two part 2

📍Psychological Egoism and utilitarianism.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/200

📑Chapter Two part 3

📍Classical utilitarianism, Bentham Quantity over quality and john mil Quality over Quantity utilitarianism.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/210

📑Chapter Two part 4

📍Act and Rule Utilitarianism, Strength and Criticism of Utilitarianism.
Act and Rule Utilitarianism
https://t.me/c/1676153756/229

📑Chapter Two part 5

📍Types of Deontological Ethics : Divine Command Theory, Rights Theory.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/263

📑Chapter Two Part 6

📍Kant's Categorical Imperative Theory.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/425
https://t.me/c/1676153756/298

📑Chapter Two Part 7

📍Ross's Prima Facie duty.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/426

📑Chapter Two Part 8

📍Virtue Ethics and Aristotle Ethics
https://t.me/c/1676153756/321

📑Chapter Four Part 1

📍Understanding State, Idealist View, Functionalist View, Organizational View, International View
https://t.me/c/1676153756/337

📑Chapter Four Part 2

📍Basic Features of State
https://t.me/c/1676153756/339

📑Chapter Four Part 3

📍Rival Theories of state:- The Pluralist state
https://t.me/c/1676153756/343

📑Chapter Four Part 4

📍Rival Theories of state: The Capitalist State
https://t.me/c/1676153756/349

📑Chapter Four Part 5

📍Rival Theories of state: The Leviatan State
https://t.me/c/1676153756/357

📑Chapter Four Part 6

📍Rival Theories of state: The Patriarchal State.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/360

📑 Chapter Four Part 7

📍The Roles of The State - Minimal State.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/370

📍The Role of The State - Developmental State.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/372

📍The Role of The State - Social Democratic State.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/373

📑 Chapter Four Part 8

📍Understanding Government - Authority, Power, Legitimacy.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/436

📍Major Functions of Government.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/438

📑 Chapter Four Part 9.

📍The concept of citizens and citizenship - Theories of Citizenship.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/440
https://t.me/c/1676153756/441
https://t.me/c/1676153756/442
https://t.me/c/1676153756/443
https://t.me/c/1676153756/444
https://t.me/c/1676153756/445

📑 Chapter Four Part 10.

📍Ways of acquiring citizenship.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/447

📍Ways of acquiring citizenship in Ethiopia.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/448

📍Ways of Losing Citizenship.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/451

📑 Chapter Five Part 1.

📍Meaning of Constitution.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/466

📍Peculiar Features of Constitution.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/467

📍Major purposes and functions of constitution.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/469

📑 Chapter Five Part 2.

📍Classification of Constitution.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/474
https://t.me/c/1676153756/475
https://t.me/c/1676153756/476
https://t.me/c/1676153756/477
https://t.me/c/1676153756/478
https://t.me/c/1676153756/479
https://t.me/c/1676153756/480

📑 Chapter Five Part 3.

📍The Constitutional Experience of Ethiopia: pre and post 1931.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/484

📑 Chapter Five Part 4.

📍Democracy, Basic Values of Democracy and Democratization.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/493

📑 Chapter Five Part 5.

📍 Human rights : concepts and theories.
https://t.me/c/1676153756/521

© A+ Tutorial Class.


Video oldindan ko‘rish uchun mavjud emas
Telegram'da ko‘rish
📚Applied #Math I

📑Chapter Four

📌Derivative of Hyperbolic functions
📌Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
📌Applications of Differential Calculus
        📌 L'Hopitals Rule
       📌Critical numbers, local minimas and local maximas
        📌Second Derivatives and Extreme Value
       📌Inflection Points and Concavity
      📌Mean Value Theorem

Chapter four The End

"We couldn't upload the original video since it was 2.5GB"

All rights reserved!
©A+ Tutorial Class


Free+English+Worksheet+Grammar+Indirect+Direct+Exercise+Answers+01+STP+Books.pdf
263.3Kb
📚 Communicative #English skill II.

📚 Worked solution III - Direct and indirect speech.

✌️ ይሔ ደግሞ Indirect speech ን ወደ direct speech መቀየር ነው። ፋይናል መፈተናችሁ አይቀርም ፤ ተለማመዱት።

📚 ጥሩ ጥሩ ጥያቄዎች አሉት መልሱም አለ ፤ ለፈተና ተለማመዱበት።

© A+ Tutorial Class.


Module 2- reported-speech4.pdf
29.1Kb
📚 Communicative #English skill II.

📚 Worked solution II - Direct and indirect speech.

📚 ጥሩ ጥሩ ጥያቄዎች አሉት መልሱም አለ ፤ ለፈተና ተለማመዱበት።

© A+ Tutorial Class.


Direct-Indirect-Speech-Question-And-Answers.pdf
95.5Kb
📚 Communicative #English skill II.

📚 Worked solution I - Direct and indirect speech.

📚 ጥሩ ጥሩ ጥያቄዎች አሉት መልሱም አለ ፤ ለፈተና ተለማመዱበት።

© A+ Tutorial Class.


#English

📚 He said to me, "Have you sold your books?"(direct speech)

📚 He asked me if I had sold my books.(indirect speech)

አያችሁ ኣ ፤if ጨመርን ከዛ you ወደ I ተቀየረ(የ pronoun ለውጥ) ፤ከዛ የቴንስ ለውጥ።

ለምሳሌ ፈተና ላይ እንዲህ ብትጠየቁስ👇

He asked me ____

A) have you seen Betelhem?
B) if I had seen Betelhem.
C) you have seen Betelhem?
D) if I seen Betelhem.

✌️He asked me የሚለው reported speech መሆኑን ያሳያል ምክንያቱም መጠይቃዊ አረፍተ ነገር ላይ reporting verb ቡ asked ከሆነ ፤ speech ቹ indirect speech ነው ብለናል ቅድም።

✌️ስለዚህ A ና C አይሆኑም ፤ ምክንያቱም indirect(reported speech) ላይ question mark አያስፈልግም እንዲሁም if ወይም whether መኖር አለበት ፤ እንዲሁም በዋናነት reported speech ላይ ጥያቄያዊ አረፍተ ነገር መኖር የለበትም። መሆን ያለበት if/whether + subject + verb ነው። A ና C ደግሞ ይህን አያሟሉም።

✌️ከ B ና D ምረጡ! 😁የቱ ነው መልሱ? B ነው። ምክንያቱም D ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ስህተት ነው ምክንያቱም I seen የሚባል ቴንስ የለም ፤ ማለትም subject + verb3 የሆነ ቴንስ የለም gramatically wrong ነው። B ግን ትክክል ነው If + I(subject) + had seen(past perfect)... ትክክለኛ grammmer ነው የተጠቀመው።


📌 Example 3

He said to us, "will you do me a favour?" (direct speech)

He asked us if we would do him a favor.(indirect speech) ወይም👇

He asked us whether we would do him a favor.

✌️አደራ ፣ የ pronoun ለውጦቹን በሚገባ ያዙ ፤ የቴንስ ለውጦቹን በሚገባ ያዙ።

📚 Commands on reported speech.

🙌እሺ አሁን ደግሞ ትዕዛዛዊ(commands) ዐረፍተ ነገሮች እንዴት ወደ reported speech እንደሚቀየሩ እንመልከት።

🎯 When you change a command in to reported speech, you need to change👇

The main verb into infinitive ( to + verb1).

Should can be used instead of the infinitive form.

🙌 command(ትዕዛዝን) ወደ reported speech ለመቀየር ፤ direct speech ላይ ያለውን main verb ወደ infinitive መቀየር ነው። infinitive ማለት👇

positive infinitive 👉 "to + verb1" ነው።
Negative infinitive 👉 "not to + verb1" ነው።

😉 በአጭር ቋንቋ command ወደ reported speech ሲቀየር👇

👉 command(ትዕዛዙ) positive ከሆነ ማለትም don't የሚል ከሌለው ፤ to ን መጨመር ነው።

👉 command(ትዕዛዙ) negative ከሆነ ማለትም don't የሚል ካለው ፤ not to ን መጨመር ነው።

እንደ አማራጭ ፤ command ወደ reported speech ሲቀየር በ infinitive ቦታ should ን መጠቀም እንችላለን።

✌️ሌላ ህግ ፤ command ወደ reported speech ሲቀየር 👇

👉 reporting verb ቡ ላይ that አይገባም።
👉 reporting verb ቡ ላይ said አንጠቀምም። በሱ ቦታ told, ordered, warned, commanded, recommended ወዘተ እንጠቀማለን።

✌️ምሳሌ እንመልከት።

The teacher said to us, "Do your homework for friday."

✌️ለ አርብ የቤት ስራችሁን ሰርታችሁ ኑ ፤😁ትዕዛዝ(command) ነው። ይህንን command ያለውን direct sperch ወደ indirect speech ለመቀየር infinitive መጠቀም ነው። 😁 ከ do ላይ to ን መጨመር በቃ አለቀ። እንዲሁም reporting verb ላይ said የሚለውን ወደ told, ordered, commanded መቀየር በቃ አለቀ። ይኸው👇

The teacher said to us, "Do your homework for friday."(direct speech)

The teacher ordered us to do our homework for friday.(indirect speech) ወይም👇

The teacher ordered us that we should do our homework for friday.(indirect speech)

ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

The man said the child, "Don't do it."

😁 Don't do it(አታድርጉት) ... ትዕዛዝ(command) ነው። ይህንን command ያለውን direct sperch ወደ indirect speech ለመቀየር infinitive መጠቀም ነው። Don't የሚለው negative ነው ኣ። ስለዚህ negative infinitive( not to) እንጠቀማለን። ስለዚህ Don't የሚለው ወደ not to ይቀየራል። በተጨማሪም said የሚለው ወደ ordered, warned ወዘተ ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

The man said the child, "Don't do it."(direct speech)

The man warned the child not to do it.(indirect speech)

ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

He said to me, "stop disturbing until the teacher leaves the class."(direct speech)

He told me to stop disturbing until the teacher leaves the class.(indirect speech)

🙌 reported speech ከዚህ ላይ እናብቃ። በርካታ ህጎች አሉት ከ punctuation ና capitalization አንፃር ፤ ማለትም ከ comma, ትምህርተ ጥቅስ, full stop, question mark አንፃር ፤ reporting verb ቡ መጀመሪያ ላይ ሲመጣ ፤ መጨረሻ ላይ ሲመጣ ስርአተ ነጥቦቹ እንዴት እንደሚሆኑ ምናምን ህጎች አሉት። ፈተና ላይ ይምጣ አይምጣ እርግጠኛ አይደለሁም። ማንበብ ከፈለጋችሁ ግን በ አዱኛ ጓዴ የተፃፈውን Advance English Book 2 ላይ በግልፅ ስላለ እዛ ላይ ማንበብ ትችላላችሁ።

እኔ ጋ የነበረን ቆይታ ከዚህ ላይ ያበቃል። መልካም ጊዜ ፤ መልካም ፈተና ፤ መልካም 2nd year ተመኘሁላችሁ።

©A+ Tutorial Class.


📚 Communicative #English Skill II.

📚 Direct and Indirect Speech.


🙌እስካሁን ባለው ትምህርታችን ፤ Direct speech እንዴት ወደ indirect speech እንደሚቀየር አይተናል። አሁን ደግሞ አንዳንድ ህጎችን እንመልከት።

📌 when you report a genral truth, the tense is not changed.

🎯 Direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ ዐ.ነገሩ General truth ወይም Fact ከሆነ ፥ የ ቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። ለምሳሌ👇

👩‍🏫 Our Geography Teacher told to us, "The earth goes round the sun."

👆The earth goes round the sun የሚለው General truth ስለሆነ ፤ ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። ስለዚህ👇

Our Geography Teacher told to us, "The earth goes round the sun."(direct speech)

Our Geography Teacher told us that The earth goes round the sun.(indirect speech)...የቴንስ ለውጥ የለም ፤ ሁለቱም ጋ simple present tense ነው።

📌 Must in reported speech.

📌 When 'Must' expresses obligation in the present, it becomes 'had to' in the indirect speech.

✌️የ Must አገልግሎቱ ግዴታን ለመግለፅ ነው ኣ። 😁 ከ 1-12ኛ ክፍል ያሉ ተማሪዎች uniform የመልበስ ግዴታ አለባቸው ኣ። ስለዚህ Grade 1-12 Students must wear a uniform.

Must ግዴታ(obligation) ን ነው የሚገልፀው።

🎯 ታዲያ obligation(ግዴታን) ለመግለፅ ፤ Direct Speech ቹ ላይ Must ካለ ፤ direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ Must ወደ Had to ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

He said, "They must leave the class now."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። must ግዴታን ለመግለፅ ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ተቀምጧል። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ Must ወደ had to ይቀየራል። ይኸው👇

He said, "They must leave the class now."(direct speech)

He said that they had to leave the class then.(indirect speech)

አያችሁ ኣ ፤ must ወደ had to ተቀየረ። 😁በተጨማሪም now ወደ then ተቀይሯል ኣ። Adverbs of time ላይ ባለፈው ተምረንዋል። አትርሱ የሚቀየሩ ነገሮችን አደራ።

📌 Yes/no questions in reported specch.

🤔ጥያቄዎችን እንዴት ነው ወደ indirect(reported) speech መቀየር የምንችለው❓ፈተና ላይ ስለሚመጣ በደንብ ልትረዱት ይገባል ይሔን።

📌 Direct speech ቹ ላይ ያለው ዐረፍተ ነገር ፤ መጠይቃዊ(ጥያቄ) ዐረፍተ ነገር ቢሆን ፥ direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ እንዴት ነው መጠይቃዊ ዐ.ነገሩ ወደ indirect specch የሚቀየረው❓ይቺን ፎርሙላ ያዙ👇

If/whether + subject + verb.

🙌ጥያቄዎች ወደ reported(indirect) specch ሲቀየሩ ፤ if ወይም whether እንፅፋለን(ከሁለት አንዱን የፈለግንውን መርጠን) ፤ ከዛ subject ቱን እንፅፋለን(indirect speech ላይ መሆን ያለበት subject ወይም pronoun) ፤ ከዛ verb እንፅፋለን(ቴንሱን እንፅፋለን)። በቃ አለቀ እነዚህ ሶስቱን ማለትም if/whether + subject + verb በአግባቡ እናስቀምጣለን ከዛ full stop እናደርጋለን። ✌️አስተውሉ ፤ question mark አናደርግም ፤ full stop ነው የምናደርገው። ምሳሌዎችን እንመልከት።

Example 1

👰 They said to him, "is she going to get married?"

👆ተመልከቱ ፤ ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ደግሞ መጠይቃዊ ዐ.ነገር ን ነው የያዘው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ለመቀየር ፤ if/whether + subject + verb የሚለውን ፎርሙላ በመጠቀም ወደ indirect spech ይቀየራል።

👉 is she going የሚለው ቴንስ ምን አይነት ቴንስ ነው❓present continuous tense ነው። ስለዚህ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ወደ past continuous tense ይቀየራል።

👉 በተጨማሪም ፤ መጠይቃዊ ዐ.ነገር ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ reporting verb ቡ የሚሆነው "asked" ነው። ስለዚህ they said to him የሚለው reporting verb ወደ they asked him ይሆናል ማለት ነው ፤ አስተዉሉ that ን አንጨምርም ስለዚህ they asked him that አይባልም። እሺ አሁን እንቀይረው። ይኸው👇

👰 They said to him, "is she going to get married?"(direct speech)

👰 They asked him if she was going to get married.(indirect speech).ወይም👇

👰 They asked him whether she was going to get married.(indirect speech).

😁ቀላል ነው ኣ። if/whether ተጠቀምን ከዛ subject ከዛ verb(tense) ከዛ full stop በቃ አለቀ። ሌላ ተአምር የለውም።

📌 Example 2

📚 He said to me, "Have you sold your books?"

👆ተመልከቱ ፤ ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ደግሞ መጠይቃዊ ዐ.ነገር ን ነው የያዘው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ለመቀየር ፤ if/whether + subject + verb የሚለውን ፎርሙላ በመጠቀም ወደ indirect spech ይቀየራል።

👉 have you sold የሚለው ቴንስ ምን አይነት ቴንስ ነው❓present perfect tense ነው። ስለዚህ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ወደ past perfect tense ይቀየራል።

👉 በተጨማሪም ፤ መጠይቃዊ ዐ.ነገር ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ reporting verb ቡ የሚሆነው "asked" ነው። ስለዚህ he said to የሚለው reporting verb ወደ he asked me ይሆናል ማለት ነው። that አይጨመርም ፤ he asked me that አይባልም።

👉 በተጨማሪ ፤ የ pronoun ለውጥ አለ። You የነበረው ወደ I ይቀየራል ምክንያቱም Me የሚለው object ነው። Me ለሚለው object ፤ subject ቱ(pronoun ኑ) ማነው? I ነው ኣ። አደራ የ pronoun ለውጦች ላይ ተጠንቀቁ በጣም ፤ እሱ ነው የሚሸውዳችሁ።
your books የሚለው ደግሞ ወደ my books ይቀየራል ምክንያቱም I(እኔ) ካልን my(የኔ) ነው መባል ያለበት።እሺ አሁን እንቀይረው።ይኸው👇


📚ዛሬ የሚሰጠው ኮርስ- Commumicative #English Skill II.

📗 ምዕራፍ - Chapter Four - Direct and indirect speech.

📚 ዛሬ የምንማረው - Rules related to changing direct speech into indirect speech.

📘 ትምህርቱ የሚሰጥበት መንገድ - በ ኖት.

📙 ትምህርቱን ለማዘጋጀት የፈጀው ሰአት - በአማካይ 2 ሰአት።

📘 ተደራሽነቱ - ለሁላችሁም።

⏰ የሚለቀቅበት ቀን - 25/05/2015 ከሰአት።

🧨 በ A+ Tutorial Class ብቻ የተዘጋጀ።


#English

The children said that they were waiting for the bus then.(indirect speech).

🫵 Example 2

Samuel said, "I will fly to london next saturday."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። የ pronoun ና የ tense ለውጥ አለው፤ እሱን ካሁን በፊት ስለተማርን እዚህ ላይ አናብራራውም። Adverbs of time ነው ከዚህ ላይ የምንማረው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ "Next Saturday" የሚል adverbs of time አለው። Direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ Next Saturday ወደ the following Saturday ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

Samuel said, "I will fly to London next saturday."(direct speech)

Samuel said that he would fly to London the following Saturday.

🫵Example 3

The media reported, "Thousands of people were fleed to neighboring Sudan last week."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። የ tense ለውጥ አለው፤ እሱን ካሁን በፊት ስለተማርን እዚህ ላይ አናብራራውም። Adverbs of time ነው ከዚህ ላይ የምንማረው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ "last week" የሚል adverbs of time አለው። Direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ last week ወደ the previous week ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

The media reported, "Thousands of people were fleed to neighboring Sudan last week."(direct speech)

The media reported that Thousands of people had been fleed to neighboring Sudan the previous week.(indirect speech)

🙌ስለ active ና passive voice ተምረናል። ከዚህ ላይ ማብራራት አይጠበቅብንም ፤ ያው were fleed ና had been fleed የሚሉት passive voice ስለሆኑ።

🤔 last month ቢሆንስ? ... the previous month ይሆናል ማለት ነው።


🦶Example 4

We said, "we were harvesting the land two days ago."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። የ tense ለውጥ አለው፤ እሱን ካሁን በፊት ስለተማርን እዚህ ላይ አናብራራውም። Adverbs of time ነው ከዚህ ላይ የምንማረው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ "two days ago" የሚል adverbs of time አለው። Direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ two days ago ወደ two days before ይቀየራል። ምክንያቱም ago ወደ before አይደል የሚቀየረው። ስለዚህ👇

We said, "we were harvesting the land two days ago."(direct)

We said that we had been harvesting the land two days before.(indirect)

✌️ሌሎቹንም በዚህ መልኩ ተለማመዱ።

✌️አንድ rule ልንገራችሁ ፤ እንደሚታወቀዉ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር የ ቴንስ ለውጥ እንደሚደረግ አይተናል። ነገር ግን የቴንስ ለውጥ የምናደርገው reporting verb ቡ በ past የሚገለፅ ከሆነ ብቻ ነው። said, told, asked ምናምን እያልን የምንገልፀው ማለት ነው።

✌️reporting verb ማለት ከ ትምህርተ ጥቅሱ ውጭ ያለው ነው ብለናል አይደል። ለምሳሌ👇

Mohammed said, " I was fluent at Arebic."

Mohammed said የሚለው ከትምህርተ ጥቅሱ ውጭ ያለ ነው። ስለዚህ reporting verb የው። said የሚለው simple past ነው። reporting verb ቡ በ past ስለተገለፀ ፤ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ የቴንስ ለውጥ ይደረጋል።

ነገር ግን reporting verb ቡ በ past ባይገለፅስ🤔❓reporting verb ቡ በ simple present ወይም በ simple future ቢገለፅስ❓

✌️አስተውሉ ፤ reporting verb ቡ በ simple present ወይም በ simple future ከተገለፀ ፤ Direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። ለምሳሌ👇

Mohammed says, "I was fluent at Arebic."

Mohammed says የሚለው reporting verb ነው። ይህ reporting verb የተገለፀው ደሞ በ simple past ነው። reporting verb ቡ በ simple past ከተገለፀ ደግሞ ፤ direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም።

Mohammed says, "I was fluent at Arebic."

👆ይሔ direct specch ነው። እስኪ ወደ indirect speech እይቀይረው። ይኸው👇

Mohammed says that he was fluent at Arebic. አያችሁ ኣ ቴንሱ አልተለወጥም።

ነገር ግን👇

Mohammed said, "I was fluent at Arebic."

አያችሁ ኣ said ይላል። ስለዚህ reporting verb ቡ simple past ስለሆነ የቴንስ ለውጥ ይኖራል። ስለዚህ

Mohammed said that he had been fluent at Arebic. አያችሁ ኣ simple past የነበረው ወደ past perfect ተቀየረ።

✌️በአጭሩ ፤ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ የቴንስ ለውጥ የሚኖረው reporting verb ቡ በ simple past ሲገለፅ ብቻ ነው። reporting verb ቡ በ simple present ወይም በ simple future ከተገለፀ ግን የ ቴይስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። በ simple future ለምሳሌ👇

Mohammed will say, "I was fluent at Arebic."

አያችሁ ኣ ፤ will say የሚለው simple future ነው። ስለዚህ reporting verb ቡ በ simple future ስለተገለፀ ፤ ይህ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖረውም። ይኸው👇

Mohammed will say, "I was fluent at Arebic."(direct speech)

Mohammed will say that he was fluent at Arebic.(indirect speech)

✌️ፈተና ላይ እንዳትሸወዱ ያዙት።

በቀጣይ ሌሎች ህጎችን እናያለን።

© A+ Tutorial Class.


#English

Gemmechu to Sarah, " I was doing the accounts."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ past continuous ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ past continuous ቴንሱ ወደ past perfect continuous ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

Gemmechu to Sarah, " I was doing the accounts."(direct speech)

Gemmechu said Sarah that he had been doing the accounts."

📌7) Past perfect (no change)

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ past perfect ከሆነ ፥ ምንም አይነት የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። ለምሳሌ👇

The trader said, "I had saved a lot of money for a better life."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ past perfect ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ past perfect ቴንሱ አይቀየርም። ስለዚህ👇

The trader said, "I had saved a lot of money for a better life."(direct speech)

The trader said that he had saved a lot of money for a better life.

📌 Simple Future to Would + verb1.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ simple future ከሆነ ፥ ወደ would + verb1(present conditional) ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

Betty said, "I will get an 'A' in English Course."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ simple future ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ simple future ቴንሱ ወደ would + verb1 ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

Betty said, "I will get an 'A' in English Course."(direct speech)

Betty said that she would get an 'A' in English Course.(indirect speech)

ሌሳ ምሳሌ👇

The coach said to the players, "We shall win the match to get the trophy."

😁 shall ማለት will ማለት ነው። የራሳቸው የሆነ አገልግሎት አላቸው በርግጥ። ለማንኛውም ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ simple future(shall + win/ verb1) ነው። ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር👇

The coach said the players that they would win the match to get the trophy.

📌 9) Present Conditional(no change)

✌️ Present conditional ማለት would + verb1, Could + verb1, might + verb1, should + verb1 ማለት ነው።

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ present conditional ከሆነ ፥ ምንም አይነት የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። ለምሳሌ👇

Your friend said, "I would bring the book."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ present conditional ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ present conditional ቴንሱ አይቀየርም። ስለዚህ👇

Your friend said, "I would bring the book."(direct speech)
Your friend said that he would bring the book(indirect speech).

📌 Perfect Conditional(no change)

✌️ Perfect conditional ማለት would have + verb3, Could have + verb3, might have + verb3, should have + verb1 ማለት ነው።

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ perfect conditional ከሆነ ፥ ምንም አይነት የቴንስ ለውጥ አይኖርም። ለምሳሌ👇

Your friend said, "I could have brought the book."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ perfect conditional ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ perfect conditional ቴንሱ አይቀየርም። ስለዚህ👇

Your friend said, "I could have brought the book."(direct speech)
Your friend said that he could have brought the book.

🙌 የ pronoun ለውጥ አየን ፤ የ tense ለውጥ አየን። አሁን ደግሞ የ Adverbs of time ለውጥ እንይ።

📚 Adverbs of time Change

🙌Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct Speech ላይ Adverbs of time ካሉ ፤ እነዚያ Adverbs of time ይቀየራሉ። እንዴት አንደሚቀየሩ እንመልከት።

Direct Speech indirect Speech

1) Now ------> Then.
2) Here ---------> There.
3) Yesterday ---> The day before or the previous day.
4) Tomorrow ----> The following day or the next day.
5) Tomorrow night ---> The following night or the next night.
6) Today -------> that day.
7) ago ------------> before.
8) Last week ------> the previous week or the week before.
9) next monday ------> the following monday.
10) Next week -------> the next week or the following week.
11) The day after tomorrow ----> in two days' time.
12) this ---> that

✌️ያዟቸው። የ 12ዱንም ምሳሌ ማየት ጊዜ ይፈጃል። 3 ወይ 4 ምሳሌ እንመልከት።

Example 1

The children said, "we are waiting for the bus now."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። የ pronoun ና የ tense ለውጥ አለው፤ እሱን ከላይ ስለተማርን እዚህ ላይ አናብራራውም። Adverbs of time ነው ከዚህ ላይ የምንማረው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ "Now" የሚል adverbs of time አለው። Direct speech ቹ ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ Now ወደ then ይቀየራል።


#English

✌️የ pronoun ለውጦችን አየን ፤ pronoun ከለወጥን በሗላ በቀጥታ ቴንስ ነው የምንለውጠው። እሺ አሁን ደግሞ የቴንስ ለውጦችን እንመልከት። መቼም ስለ ቴንስ ሁላችሁም ታውቃላችሁ ፤ እዚጋ ስለ ቴንስ ምንነት ና form አናወራም። 😹 13አመት ሙሉ ትምህርት ላይ ያሳለፈ ተማሪ ቴንስን ካላወቀ ፤ እየተማርኩ ነው? ብሎ ራሱን ይጠይቅ። አለማወቅ ሀጢያት አይደለም ካላወቃችሁ ተመልሳችሁ ማንበብ ነው ፤ ለማንኛውም ወደ ትምህርቱ።

📌 1) Simple Present to Simple Past.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ simple present ከሆነ ፥ ወደ simple past ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

Abebe said, "I play football."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ simple present ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ simple present ቴንሱ ወደ simple past ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

👉 Abebe said, "I play football."(direct speech).
👉 Abebe said that he played football.(indirect speech).

👆አያችሁ ኣ የ pronoun ና የ tense ለውጦቹን። ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

Tamirat told to them, "You are in a dangerous situation."(direct speech).

Tamirat told them that they were in a dangerous situation.(indirect speech).

👆አያችሁ ኣ ፥ የ pronoun ና የ Tense ለውጦቹን።

📌 Present Continuous to Past Continuous Tense.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ present continuous ከሆነ ፥ ወደ past continuous ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

The people expressed, " we are working day and night inspite of no change in our life."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ present continuous ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ present continuous ቴንሱ ወደ past continuous ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

The people expressed, " we are working day and night inspite of no change in our life."(direct speech)

The people expressed that they were working day and night inspite of no change in their life.(indirect speech).

አያችሁ ኣ የ pronoun ና የ tense ለውጦቹን። እንዳትሸወዱ pronoun ና tense ላይ። 🤔they ለምን ሆነ? people ስለሆነ የሚለው። ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

Tolosa said, " I am studying Medicine in Sweden."(direct speech)

Tolosa said that he was studying Medicine in Sweden.

📌3) Present Perfect to Past Perfect.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ present perfect ከሆነ ፥ ወደ past perfect ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

The nurse told to me, " You have had a bad headache."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ present perfect ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ present perfect ቴንሱ ወደ past perfect ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

The nurse told to me, " You have had a bad headache."(direct speech)

The nurse told to me that I had had a bad headache.(indirect speech).

🤔pronoun ኖቹ ግን እንዴት እንደየተቀየሩ እንደሆነ ገብቷችሗል? ለማስረዳት ያስቸግራል። ለማንኛውም ፈተና ላይ እንዳትሸወዱ። ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

Sofia said, "I have finished my homework."(direct speech).

Sofia said that she had finished her homework.(indirect speech)

📌 Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ present perfect Continuous ከሆነ ፥ ወደ past perfect Continuous ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

The nurse told to me, " You have been experiencing a bad headache."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ present perfect continuous ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ present perfect continuous ቴንሱ ወደ past perfect continuous ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

The nurse told to me, " You have been experiencing a bad headache."(direct speech)

The nurse told me that I had been experiencing a bad headache.(indirect speech).

📌5) Simple Past to Past Perfect.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ simple past ከሆነ ፥ ወደ past perfect ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇

Dawit said, "I arrived at the bus station early."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ከዚህ direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ ደግሞ simple past ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ simple past ቴንሱ ወደ past perfect ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

Dawit said, "I arrived at the bus station early."(direct speech)

Dawit said that he had arrived at the bus station early.(indirect speech)

ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

The teacher told to students, "You were clever."(direct speech)

The teacher told students that they had been clever.(indirect speech)

📌 6) Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous.

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect Speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct speech ላይ ያለው ቴንስ Past Continuous ከሆነ ፥ ወደ past perfect Continuous ይቀየራል። ለምሳሌ👇


#English
Betty said to us, "You did a mistake."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፥ You ወደ We ይቀየራል ምክንያቱም us የሚለው we በሚለው ይገለፃል። ስለዚህ👇

Betty said to us, "You did a mistake."(direct speech)

Betty said us that we...(indirect speech).

አያችሁ ኣ You ወደ we ተቀየረ።

ሌላ ምሳሌ👇

Betty said to them, "You did a mistake."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፥ You ወደ They ይቀየራል ምክንያቱም them የሚለው they በሚለው ይገለፃል። ስለዚህ👇

Betty said to them, "You did a mistake."(direct speech)

Betty said them that they...(indirect speech).

አያችሁ ኣ You ወደ they ተቀየረ።

🙌 ስለዚህ የ pronoun ለውጦቹን በጥንቃቄ ያዙ። የ pronoun ለውጦች ላይ special case ልንገራችሁ👇

Note :- I and We remian unchanged when they are the subject of the reporting verb.

Reporting verb ማለት ከትምህርተ ጥቅሱ ውጪ ያለው ነው። ለምሳሌ 👇

Abebe said, "I play football."

Abebe said የሚለው ከትምህርተ ጥቅሱ ውጪ ነው ያለው። ስለዚህ Abebe said የሚለው reporting verb ነው።

Bety said to them, "You made a mistake."

Betty said to them የሚለው ከትምህርተ ጥቅሱ ውጪ ነው ያለው። ስለዚህ Betty said to them የሚለው reporting verb ነው።

✌️ታዲያ I and We የሚባሉት pronoun ኖች reporting verb ቡ ላይ ካሉ ፤ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ I and We አይቀየሩም። ለምሳሌ👇

I said, "I am going to the market."

👉 Direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ I የሚለው pronoun ወደ He ወይም she ይቀየራል ብለን ነበር። ነገር ግን reporting verb ቡ ላይ ፤ I የምትለዋ pronoun ስላለች ፤ I አይቀየርም። ስለዚህ👇

I said, "I am going to the market."(direct speech).

I said that I was gojng to the market(indirect speech).

አያችሁ ኣ I አልተቀየረችም። We ም እንደዛው። ለምሳሌ👇

We said, "we know them."(direct speech).
We said that we knew them.(indirect speech.)

✌️ገባችሁ ኣ። የ Pronoun ለውጦችን በጥንቃቄ ያዙ። እስኪ ምሳሌዎችን እንመልከት።

Sofia said, "I have finished my homework."(Direct speech)

Sofia said that she had finsihed her homework.(Indirect speech.) አያችሁ ኣ ፤ I የሚለው ወደ she ይቀየራል። ምክንያቱም sofia ሴት ናት ስለዚህ she በሚለው ነው የምትገለፀው። የቴንስ ለውጡን ቡሗላ ላይ እንማረዋለን። ግን የ direct ና Indirect speech ልዩነት ገብቷችሗል🤔❓ተመልከቱ👇

Sofia said, "I have finished my homework."(direct speech). ትርጉሙ👇

ሶፊያ የቤት ስራዬን ጨርሳለሁ አለች።

Sofia said that she had finshed her homework.(indirect speech). ትርጉሙ👇

ሶፊያ የቤት ስራዋን ጨርሳለች።

እሺ አሁን ደግሞ የቴንስ ለውጦችን እንመልከት።

🌷2ኛ) Tense Change

Direct speech            indirect speech

1) Simple present --->   simple past.
2) Present continuous --> past continuous.
3) Present perfect ---> Past perfect.
4) Present perfect continuous --> past perfect continuous.
5) Simple past ---> Past perfect.
6) past continuous --> past perfect continuous.
7) past perfect -----> no change.
8) Simple future ---> would + verb1.
9) present conditional --> no change
10)perfect conditional--> no change

እያንዳንዳቸውን በዝርዝር ነገ እናያለን።

©A+ Tutorial Class.


📚 Communicative #English Skill II.

📚 Direct and Reported Speech.

🙌ሰላም ቤተሰቦች ፤ ዛሬ ስለ Direct ና indirect speech እንማራለን። ብዙ ተማሪዎች ስለ reported speech ቲቶርያል ይሰራልን የሚል ጥያቄ ስላነሳችሁ ነው እንጅ ፤ ትምህርቱ ቲቶርያል ለማዘጋጀት የሚመች አይደል ፤ ቲቶርያልም አያስፈልገውም ምክንያቱም ምንም አይነት ፅንሰ ሀሳብ የለውም። direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ የ Tense, የ adverb ና የ pronoun ለውጥ ይኖራል። ለውጦቹን ከያዛችሁ በቃ አለቀ። ሌላ ምንም ፅንሰ ሀሳብ የለውም ፤ Direct sppech ና indirect(reported) speech ን በየቀኑ ስንናገራቸው ነው የምንውለው። እስኪ እንማራቸው።

📚 Direct and Indirect speech

📌 In Direct speech, we repeat the exact words that the original speaker has said.

🎯 አንድ ሰው የሆነ ነገር ቢናገር ፤ምንም ነገር ሳንለውጥ ሰውየው የተናገረውን ነገር በቀጥታ ደግሞ መናገር ወይም መግለፅ direct speech ይባላል። ስለዚህ direct speech ላይ ፤ የሰውየውን ንግግር ምንም ነገር ሳይለወጥ በቀጥታ ቃል በቃል እናሰፍራለን ወይም ደግመን እንናገራለን። የሰውየውን ንግግር ለመግለፅ ወይም ሰውየው የተናገረው ነገር በ ትምህርት ጥቅስ("...") ውስጥ ይካተታል። 🤷‍♂በአጭር ቋንቋ ትምህርተ ጥቅስ ካለው ፥ direct speech ነው ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ ፤ እንግሊዝኛ መምራችሁ ፤ "የሚኮርጅ ተማሪ አልወድም(I don't like a student who cheats" ብሎ ቢነግራችሁ። የመምህራችሁ ንግግር ምንም ሳይቀየር የምትገልፁት ከሆነ ወይም ቃል በቃል ደግማችሁ የምትሉት ከሆነ ፤ direct speech ይባላል። ይኸው👇

Our English teacher said, "I don't like a student who cheats."(እንግሊዝኛ መምህራችን የሚኮርጅ ተማሪ አልወድም ብሏል😁 ብላችሁ ስታወሩ ማለት ነው። 😁ለምሳሌ ዶርም ውስጥ ቁጭ ብላችሁ እያወራችሁ ፤ ሰማህ ኣ እንግሊዝኛ መምህራችን ኮራጅ ተማሪ አልወድም ሲል ፤ ብለህ ለጎደኛህ ስትነግረው እንደማለት ነው)

✌️አያችሁ ኣ ፤ I don't like a student who cheats የሚለው የመምህሩ ንግግር ቃል በቃል ነው የሰፈረው ምንም የተለወጠ ነገር የለውም።

ሌላ ምሳሌ ፤ መቅደስ የምትባል ሴት ፤ "እጮኛዬ የወርቅ ሰአት ገዛልኝ(my fiance has bought me a gold watch)" ብላ ብትናገር ፥ የመቅደስ ንግግር ሳይለወጥ በቀጥታ ቃል በቃል ሲገለፅ ወይም ሲነገር direct speech ይባላል። ይኸው👇

Mekdes said, "My fiance has bought me a gold watch."( 😁መቅደስ ኮ እጮኛዬ የወርቅ ሰአት ገዛልኝ አለች። ብላችሁ ስታወሩ)

✌️አያችሁ ኣ ፤ My fiance has bought me a gold watch የሚለው የመቅደስ ንግግር ቃል በቃል ነው የሰፈረው ምንም የተለወጠ ነገር የለም።

🤷‍♂ በአጭሩ ፤ አረፍተ ነገሩ ትምህርተ ጥቅስ("...") ካለው direct speech ነው። በቀላሉ በዚህ መለየት ትችላላችሁ።

ሌሎች ምሳሌዎችንም ማየት ይቻላል ግን ጊዜ ለመቆጠብ ፤ አሁን Direct speech እንዴት ወደ indirect speech እንደሚቀየር እንመልከት። ፈተናችሁም ይኸ ስለሆነ በደንብ ተከታተሉኝ በደንብ ልትረዱት ይገባል። ቀላል ነው።

📌 አስተውሉ ፤ Direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ በዋናነት ሶስት ነገሮችን መቀየር ያስፈልጋል። እነርሱም👇

🌷1ኛ) Pronoun Change
🌷 2ኛ) Tense Change
🌷 3ኛ) Adverb change

✌️እነዚህ ሶስቱ ይቀየራሉ ሶስቱንም እንማር

🌷1ኛ) Pronoun Change

✌️Direct Speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ pronoun ኖች ይቀየራሉ። pronoun ማለት I, You, We, they, He, She ... ወዘተ ናቸው። እስኪ እንዴት እንደሚቀየሩ እንመልከት።

Direct Speech indirect speeh

I -------> He/She.
We --------> They.
You --------> He/She/I/They/We

✌️እንተንትነው 👇

👉 Direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ Direct spech ላይ "I" የሚል pronoun ካለ ፥ indirect spech ላይ "He/she" ይሆናል ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ ፤ Abebe said, "I play football." ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ I ወደ He ይቀየራል። Abebe የሚለው ወንድ ስለሆነ ነው He ያልንው። Mekdes, Saba ወዘተ የሴት ስም ቢሆን ደግሞ I ወደ she ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

Abebe said, "I play football."(direct sppech).
Abebe said that He....(indirect speech).

አያችሁ ኣ I ወደ He ተቀየረ። የቴንስ ለውጥም አለ እሱን ደግሞ ቡሗላ እንማረዋለን ፤ ያልጨረስኩት ለዛ ነው የቴንስ ለውጡን ገና ስላልተማርን ነው።

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ direct speech ላይ "we" የሚል pronoun ካለ ፤ indirect speech ላይ "they" ይሆናል ማለት ነው። ምሳሌ👇

The teacher said, "we have been ready for making the exam."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፥ we ወደ they ይቀየራል። ስለዚህ👇

The teacher said, "we have been ready for making the exam.(direct speech)
The teacher said that they....(indirect speech) . ሶስት ነጥብ አድርጌ የምተወው ቴንሱም ስለሚለወጥ ነው። እሱን ደግሞ ገና አልተማርንም ስንማረው እንቀይረዋለን።

አያችሁ ኣ We ወደ they ተቀየረ ፤ የቴንስ ለውጥም አለ እሱን ደግሞ ቡሗላ እንማረዋለን ፤ ያልጨረስኩት ለዛ ነው የቴንስ ለውጡን ገና ስላልተማርን ነው።

👉 Direct Speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፤ direct speech ላይ "You" የሚል pronoun ካለ ፤ indirect speech ላይ "He" ወይም "She" ወይም "I" ወይም "They" ይሆናል ማለት ነው። እንደ subject ቱ ይወሰናል። ምሳሌ👇

Betty said to Sumeya, "You did a mistake."

👆ይሔ direct speech ነው። ይሔ direct speech ወደ indirect speech ሲቀየር ፥ You ወደ She ይቀየራል ምክንያቱም Sumeya ሴት ስለሆነች she በሚለው ትገለፃለች። ስለዚህ👇

Betty said to Sumeya, "You did a mistake."(direct speech)

Betty said to Sumeya that She...(indirect speech).

አያችሁ ኣ You ወደ She ተቀየረ ፤ የቴንስ ለውጥም አለ እሱን ደግሞ ቡሗላ እንማረዋለን ፤ ያልጨረስኩት ለዛ ነው የቴንስ ለውጡን ገና ስላልተማርን ነው። ሌላ ምሳሌ


📚ዛሬ የሚሰጠው ኮርስ- Communivative #English Skill II.

📗 ምዕራፍ - Chapter Four.

📚 ዛሬ የምንማረው - Reported Speech.

📘 ትምህርቱ የሚሰጥበት መንገድ - በ ኖት.

📙 ትምህርቱን ለማዘጋጀት የፈጀው ሰአት - በአማካይ 5 ሰአት።

📘 ተደራሽነቱ - ለሁላችሁም።

⏰ የሚለቀቅበት ቀን - 23 /05/2015 ማታ።

🧨 በ A+ Tutorial Class ብቻ የተዘጋጀ።


📚 እስካሁን የተለቀቀውን የ General #Chemistry ቲቶርያል በቀላሉ ለማግኘት ከታች የተቀመጠውን ማስፈንጠሪያ ይጠቀሙ።
#Chemistry_Tutorials

📑Chapter One Part 1

📍Chemistry as a scientific experiment, Scientific Methods
https://t.me/c/1676153756/30

📑Chapter One Part 2

📍State of Matter and Properties of Matter
https://t.me/c/1676153756/83

📑Chapter One Part 3

📍Properties of Matter, Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
https://t.me/c/1676153756/116

📑Chapter One Part 4

📍Pure Substance and Mixture
https://t.me/c/1676153756/147

https://t.me/c/1676153756/149

📑Chapter Two Part 1

📍Atomic Theory, Composition of Atom, Isotopes, Relative and Average Atomic Mass.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/221

📑Chapter Two Part 2

📍Properties of Periodic table.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/286

📑Chapter Two Part 3

📍Nomenclature of Ionic and Molecular Compounds.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/291

📑Chapter Three Part 1

📍Formula Mass, The Mole Concept, Empherical and Molecular.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/293

📑Chapter Three Part 2

📍Molarity, Dilution of Solutions, ppm and ppb.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/313

📑Chapter Four Part 1

📍Writing and Balancing chemical equation, Equation for ionic reactions, precipitation reaction and solubility rules, acid-base reaction.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/319

📑Chapter Four Part 2.

📍Oxidation - Reduction Reaction, Subclasses of redox reaction, Balancing redox reaction, Reaction stoichiometry.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/355

📑 Chapter Four - part 3.

📍Reaction yield, Percenrage yield, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Gravimetric Analysis.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/462

📑  Chapter Five - Part 1.

📍Electromagnetic Energy, Bohr Model, Quantum Mechanical Model, Quantum theory of electrons in an atom, Paulis Exclusive Principle.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/491

📑 Chapter Five - Part 2.

📍 Electron Configuration, Aufbau principal, Hund's Principel, peridioc variation in Element properties.

https://t.me/c/1676153756/504

© A+ Tutorial Class.


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📚 General #Chemistry.

📚Chapter Five - Electronic Structure and Peredioc Properties of Elements.

📒 Video Tutorial.

📕 Duration - 28 minutes.

📘 Electronic Configuration.

📕 The Aufabu Principle.

📕 Hund's Rule.

  📕 Peridioc Variation in Element Properties.

✅ Educational Tutorial Room// Presented by A+ Tutorial Class.

© A+ Tutorial Class.


End of Chapter 5.

📚ዛሬ የሚሰጠው ኮርስ- #General Chemistry.

📗 ምዕራፍ - Chapter Five - Electronic Structure and Peridioc Properties of Elements.

📚 ዛሬ የምንማረው - Electronic configuration, The Aufbau Principle, Hund's Rule, Peridioc Variation in Element Properties.

📘 ትምህርቱ የሚሰጥበት መንገድ - በ ቪዲዮ.

📙 ትምህርቱን ለማዘጋጀት የፈጀው ሰአት - በአማካይ 1 ሰአት።

📘 ተደራሽነቱ - General Chemistry ለምትማሩ።

⏰ የሚለቀቅበት ቀን - 22/05/2015 ከሰአት።

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